AACC 2016

 

Compassion or Empathy?  A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry

Doug Shirley, EdD, Elizabeth Murry, Jillian Taylor

The Seattle School of Theology & Psychology

 

American Association of Christian Counselors

Mega National Christian Counseling Conference 2016

 

References

 

Beauchamp, M. H., Dooley, J. J., & Anderson, V. (2013). A preliminary investigation of moral reasoning and empathy after traumatic brain injury in adolescents. Brain Injury, 27, 896–902.

Bibeau, M., Dionne, F., & Leblanc, J. (2015). Can compassion meditation contribute to the development of psychotherapists’ empathy? A review. Mindfulness, 7(1), 255-263. doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0439-y

Brown, B. (2015). Rising strong.  New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau.

Buchanan, T. W., Bagley, S. L., Stansfield, R. B., & Preston, S. D. (2012). The empathic, physiological resonance of stress. Social Neuroscience, 7, 191-201. doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.588723

Bufalari, I., & Ionta, S. (2013). The social and personality neuroscience of empathy for pain and touch. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00393

Bussey, K., Quinn, C., & Dobson, J. (2015). The moderating role of empathic concern and perspective taking on the relationship between moral disengagement and aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 61, 10–29.

Cameron, C. D., & Payne, B. K. (2011). Escaping affect: How motivated emotion regulation creates insensitivity to mass suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1–15.

Coutinho, J. F., Silva, P. O., & Decety, J. (2014). Neurosciences, empathy, and healthy interpersonal relationships: Recent findings and implications for counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 541-548. doi:10.1037/cou0000021

Fehse, K., Silveira, S., Elvers, K., & Blautzik, J. (2014). Compassion, guilt and innocence: An fMRI study of responses to victims who are responsible for their fate. Social Neuroscience, 10, 243-252. doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.980587

Fernando III, A.T., & Consedine, N.S. (2014). Beyond compassion fatigue: The transactional model of physician compassion. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 48, 289-298.

Franklin, M. A., & Grossenbacher, P. G. (2015). Empathy examined from perspectives of neuroscience and artistic imagination. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 58, 251-255. doi:10.1080/00029157.2015.1102702

Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 351–374.

Greenberg, M. T., & Turksma, C. (2015). Understanding and watering the seeds of compassion. Research in Human Development, 12, 280-287. doi:10.1080/15427609.2015.1068060

King, D.B., Mara, C.A., DeCicco, T.L. (2012). Connecting the spiritual and emotional intelligences: confirming an intelligence criterion and assessing the role of empathy. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 31, 11-20.

Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2013). Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,9, 873-879. doi:10.1093/scan/nst060

Mercadillo, R. E., & Arias, N. A. (2010). Violence and compassion: A bioethical insight into their cognitive bases and social manifestations. International Social Science Journal, 61, 221-232. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2451.2011.01759.x

Rashedi, R., Plante, T., & Callister, E. (2015). Compassion development in higher education. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 43, 131-139.

Ruiz , P. O., & Vallejos, R. M. (1999). The role of compassion in moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 28, 5–17.

Sprecher, S. & Fehr, B. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 629-651.

Spreng, R.N., McKinnon, M.C., Mar, R.A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 62-71. doi: 10.1080/00223890802484381

Stickle, M. (2016). The expression of compassion in social work practice. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 35, 120-131. doi:10.1080/15426432.2015.1067587

Wagaman, M.A., Geiger, J.M., Shockley, C., & Segal, E.A. (2015). The role of empathy in burnout, compassion satisfaction, and secondary traumatic stress among social workers. Social Work, 60, 201-209.

 

AACC 2014

       Shame, Gender Role, and Alexithymia in Men in Positions of Spiritual Authority

Doug Shirley, MEd., MDiv., LMHC

Argosy University, Seattle

 

References

Addis, M.E., & Mahalik, J.R. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58, 5-15. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.

Andrews, B., Qian, M., & Valentine, J.D. (2002). Predicting depressive symptoms with a new measure of shame: The Experience of Shame Scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 29-42.

Aust, S., Hartwig, E.F., Heuser, I., & Bajbouj, M. (2013). The role of early emotional neglect in alexithymia. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5, 225-232. doi: 10.1037/a0027314

Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., & Parker, J.D.A. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I: Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-32. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1

Baier, K. (2010). Spiritual authority: A Christian perspective. Buddhist-Christian Studies, 30, 107-119.

Bem, S.L. (1974).  The measurement of psychological androgyny.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.  Retrieved from http://www.ekgp.ugent.be/pages/nl/vragenlijsten/Scoring_BEM.pdf

Berger, J.M., Levant, R., McMillan, K.K., Kelleher, W., & Sellers, A. (2005). Impact of gender role conflict, traditional masculinity ideology, alexithymia, and age on men’s attitudes toward psychological help seeking. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6, 73-78. doi: 10.1037/1524-9220.6.1.73

David, D.S., & Brannon, R. (1976). The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Duffy, R.D. (2010). Spirituality, religion, and work values. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 38, 52-61. Retrieved from ProQuest database.

Ellison, C.G., Roalson, L.A., Guillory, J.M., Flannelly, K.J., & Marcum, J.P. (2010). Religious resources, spiritual struggles, and mental health in a nationwide sample of PCUSA clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 59, 287-304. doi: 10.1007/s11089-009-0239-1

Englar-Carlson, M., & Kiselica, M.S. (2013). Affirming the strengths in men: A positive masculinity approach to assisting male clients. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91, 399-409. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00111.x

Englar-Carlson, M., & Shepard, D.S. (2005). Engaging men in couples counseling: Strategies for overcoming ambivalence and inexpressiveness. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 13, 383-391. doi: 10.1177/1066480705278467

Fischer, A.R., & Good, G.E. (1997). Men and psychotherapy: An investigation of alexithymia, intimacy, and masculine gender roles. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, and Training, 34, 160-170. Retrieved from ProQuest database.

Hammer, J.H., & Vogel, D.L. (2010). Men’s help seeking for depression: The efficacy of a male-sensitive brochure about counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 38, 296-313.  doi: 10.1177/0011000009351937

Hookham, S. (2010). Spiritual authority: A Buddhist perspective. Buddhist-Christian Studies, 30, 121-132.

Jakupcak, M., Tull, M.T., & Roemer, L. (2005). Masculinity, shame, and fear of emotions as predictors of men’s expressions of anger and hostility. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6, 275-284. doi: 10.1037/1524-9220.6.4.275

Judd, F., Komiti, A., & Jackson, H. (2008).  How does being female assist help-seeking for mental health problems?  Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 24-29. Retrieved from ProQuest database.

Karen, R. (1992). Shame. The Atlantic Monthly, 269. 40-70. Retrieved from http://www.winifredreilly.com/resources/Karen.pdf

Kaufman, G. (1974). The meaning of shame: Toward a self-affirming identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 568-574.

Kiselica, M.S., & Englar-Carlson, M. (2010). Identifying, affirming, and building upon male strengths: The positive psychology/positive masculinity model of psychotherapy with boys and men. Psychology Theory: Research, Practice, and Training, 47, 276-287. doi: 10.1037/a0021159

Krugman, S. (1995). Male development and the transformation of shame. In R.F. Levant & W.S. Pollack (Eds.), A new psychology of men, pp. 91-126. New York, NY: Basic.

Levant, R.F., Hall, R.J., Williams, C.M., & Hasan, N.T. (2009). Gender differences in alexithymia. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10, 190-203. doi: 10.1037/a0015652

Matos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2013). Internalizing early memories of shame and lack of safeness and warmth: The mediating role of shame on depression. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31, 479-493. doi: 10.1017/S1352465812001099

McDuff, E.M. (2001). The gender paradox in work satisfaction and the protestant clergy. Sociology of Religion, 62, 1-21. Retrieved from ProQuest database.

Mitchell, I. (2012). A skeptical studies curriculum resource: The Catholic Church.  Skeptic.

Retrieved from http://www.skeptic.com/skepticism-101/the-catholic-church/

Orth, U., Robins, R.W., & Soto, C.J. (2010). Tracking the trajectory of shame, guilt, and pride across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1061-1071. doi: 10.1037/a0021342

Pederson, E.L.,  & Vogel, D.L. (2007). Male gender role conflict and willingness to seek counseling: Testing a mediation model on college-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 373-384. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.373

Plante, T.G., & Apodaca, C. (2011). Episcopal applicants to ordained ministry: Are they psychological healthy? Pastoral Psychology, 60, 279-289. doi: 10.1007/s11089-010-0315-6

Pollack, W. (1998). Real boys: Rescuing our sons from the myths of boyhood. New York, NY: Henry Holt.

Reed, E.E. (2014). Man up: Young men’s lived experiences and reflections on counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92, 428-437. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.000169.x

Rizvi, S.L. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of a new measure to assess shame: The Shame Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 438-447. doi: 10.1007/s10862-9172-y

Simon, R.J., & Nadell, P.S. (1995). In the same voice or is it different?: Gender and the clergy. Sociology of Religion, 56, 63-70. doi: 10.2307/3712039

Thoroughgood, C.N., Sawyer, K.B., & Hunter, S.T. (2013). Real men don’t make mistakes: Investigating the effects of leader gender, error type, and the occupational context on leader error perceptions. Journal of Business Psychology, 28, 31-48.

Vogel, D.L., Heimerdinger-Edwards, S.R., Hammer, J.H., & Hubbard, A. (2011). “Boys don’t cry”: Examination of the links between endorsement of masculine norms, self-stigma, and help-seeking attitudes for men from diverse backgrounds. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 368-382. doi: 10.1037/a0023688

Vorst, H., & Bermond, B. (2001). Validity and reliability of the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 413-434. Retrieved from ProQuest database.

 

AMHCA 2014

Shame, Gender Role, and Alexithymia: What Men Bring To Counseling

Doug Shirley, MEd., MDiv.

Marsha Blasingame, PhD.

Argosy University, Seattle

 

References

Addis, M.E., & Cohane, G.H. (2005). Social scientific paradigms of masculinity and their implications for research and practice in men’s mental health. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 633-647. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20099

Addis, M.E., Mansfield, A.K., & Syzdek, M.R. (2010). Is “masculinity” a problem?: Framing the effects of gendered social learning in men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 11, 77-90. doi: 10.1037/a00118602

Anonymous (2011). Ronald F. Levant: Award for distinguished professional contributions to applied research. American Psychologist, 66, 763-765.  doi: 10.1037/a0024624

Aust, S., Hartwig, E.F., Heuser, I., & Bajbouj, M. (2013). The role of early emotional neglect in alexithymia. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5, 225-232. doi: 10.1037/a0027314

Berger, J.M., Levant, R., McMillan, K.K., Kelleher, W., & Sellers, A. (2005). Impact of gender role conflict, traditional masculinity ideology, alexithymia, and age on men’s attitudes toward psychological help seeking. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6, 73-78. doi: 10.1037/1524-9220.6.1.73

Blazina, C.(2001). Analytical psychology and gender role conflict: The development of the fragile masculine self. Psychotherapy, 38, 50-59.

Brannon, L. (2008).  Gender: Psychological perspectives (5th ed.).  Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Brown, B. (2006). Shame resilience theory: A grounded theory study of women and shame. Families in Society, 87, 43-52. Retrieved from ProQuest database. 

Carse, J. (2013). Finite and infinite games: A vision of life as play and possibility. New York, NY: Free Press.

Cheng, C. (1999). Marginalized masculinities and hegemonic masculinity: An introduction. Journal of Men’s Studies, 7, 295-320.  Retrieved from ProQuest database.

Connell, R.W., & Messerschmidt, J.W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19, 829-859. doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639

Englar-Carlson, M., & Kiselica, M.S. (2013). Affirming the strengths in men: A positive masculinity approach to assisting male clients. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91, 399-409. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00111.x

Englar-Carlson, M., & Shepard, D.S. (2005). Engaging men in couples counseling: Strategies for overcoming ambivalence and inexpressiveness. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 13, 383-391. doi: 10.1177/1066480705278467

Fischer, A.R., & Good, G.E. (1997). Men and psychotherapy: An investigation of alexithymia, intimacy, and masculine gender roles. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, and Training, 34, 160-170. Retrieved from ProQuest database.

Freire, P. (1970).  The pedagogy of the oppressed.  New York, NY: Continuum.

Gottman, J.M. (2011). The science of trust: Emotional attunement for couples. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.

Hammer, J.H., & Vogel, D.L. (2010). Men’s help seeking for depression: The efficacy of a male-sensitive brochure about counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 38, 296-313.  doi: 10.1177/0011000009351937

Ida, Y. (2005). Beyond the ‘feminization of masculinity’: Transforming patriarchy with the ‘feminine’ in contemporary Japanese youth culture. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 6, 56-74. doi: 10.1080/1462394042000326905

Jakupcak, M., Tull, M.T., & Roemer, L. (2005). Masculinity, shame, and fear of emotions as predictors of men’s expressions of anger and hostility. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6, 275-284. doi: 10.1037/1524-9220.6.4.275

Judd, F., Komiti, A., & Jackson, H. (2008).  How does being female assist help-seeking for mental health problems?  Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 24-29. Retrieved from ProQuest database.

Kaufman, G. (1974). The meaning of shame: Toward a self-affirming identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 568-574.

Kaufman, M. (1994). Men, feminism, and men’s contradictory experiences of power. In H. Brod & M. Kaufman (Eds.). Theorizing masculinities (pp. 142-163). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kiselica, M.S., & Englar-Carlson, M. (2010). Identifying, affirming, and building upon male strengths: The positive psychology/positive masculinity model of psychotherapy with boys and men. Psychology Theory: Research, Practice, and Training, 47, 276-287. doi: 10.1037/a0021159

Krugman, S. (1995). Male development and the transformation of shame. In R.F. Levant & W.S. Pollack (Eds.), A new psychology of men (pp. 91-126). New York, NY: Basic.

Levant, R.F., Hall, R.J., Williams, C.M., & Hasan, N.T. (2009). Gender differences in alexithymia. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10, 190-203. doi: 10.1037/a0015652

Moffatt, K. (2004).  Beyond male denial and female shame: Learning about gender in a sociocultural concepts class.  Smith College Studies in Social Work, 74(2), 243-256. Retrieved from ProQuest database.

Neff, K.D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77, 23-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x

Orth, U., Robins, R.W., & Soto, C.J. (2010). Tracking the trajectory of shame, guilt, and pride across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1061-1071. doi: 10.1037/a0021342

Pederson, E.L.,  & Vogel, D.L. (2007). Male gender role conflict and willingness to seek counseling: Testing a mediation model on college-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 373-384. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.373

Reilly, E.D., Rochlen, A.B., & Awad, G.H. (2014). Men’s self-compassion and self-esteem: The moderating roles of shame and masculine norm adherence. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15, 22-28. doi: 10.1037/a0031028

Vogel, D.L., Heimerdinger-Edwards, S.R., Hammer, J.H., & Hubbard, A. (2011). “Boys don’t cry”: Examination of the links between endorsement of masculine norms, self-stigma, and help-seeking attitudes for men from diverse backgrounds. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 368-382. doi: 10.1037/a0023688

Vogel, D.L., Wester, S.R., Hammer, J.H., & Downing-Matibag, T.M. (2014). Referring men to seek help: The influence of gender role conflict and stigma. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15, 60-67. doi: 10.1037/a0031761

Vorst, H., & Bermond, B. (2001). Validity and reliability of the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 413-434. Retrieved from ProQuest database.

Wood, W., & Eagly, A.H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 699-727. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699

Wong, Y.J., Pituch, K.A., & Rochlen, A.B. (2006). Men’s restrictive emotionality: An investigation of associations with other emotion-related  constructs, anxiety, and underlying dimensions. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 7, 113-126. doi: 10.1037/1524-9220.7.2.113